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Id, Ego... & Lingam

Psychoanalysis and Hinduism make strange couch partners

Plenty, if T.G. Vaidyanathan's introduction to Vishnu on Freud's Desk: A Reader in Psychoanalysis and Hinduism is to be believed. And if one heeds Sudhir Kakar's wise prefatory suggestion that Hinduism and Freudianism are to converge between these covers in an encounter with all the sense of embattlement and enrichment that that term suggests rather than as mutually hostile assailants attempting to abduct each other's territories. To the extent then that this book's aim is modest, it's a success.

The first section of the book introduces us to G. Bose who can justly claim to be India's first analyst. His essay proposing modifications of Freuds (in)famous Oedipal condition is subtly insightful but his real contributions lie elsewhere: it was Bose who began the first non-European Psychoanalytic Society in the 1920s, and who presented Freud with the statuette of Vishnu from which the title of the books been plucked.

Ignoring a largely unmemorable second section, we come to Part Three (The Indian Oedipus). This offers an analysis of the Oedipus Complex in India. Taking their cue from A.K. Ramanujan's pivotal 1983 essay on the dynamics of the Indian family as available in folktales, Courtright and Obeyesekere tease out some stunning inferences about filicidal fathers, joint families and mother-son dynamics in Indian families.

In Part Four (Early and Later Theoretical Formations) Carstairs, Kurtz and Kakar unfortunately overreach themselves in trying to analyse The Hindu Mind. Endeavouring to generate prototypes of the Indian Mind they veer dangerously close to creating stereotypes instead.

But Part Five (Hindu Mysticism, Myth and Ritual) is a splendid rescue from this ungracious enterprise. Particularly worthy of attention are Goldman's astute remarks on the therapeutic consequences of belief in Karma; and Doniger, who asks the incendiary Freudian question of Sanskrit texts: What is it that these stories reveal and conceal? If what is on the surface is sex, what is below the surface? This section also has the most memorable sentence: He who sticks things up the rectum of a creature shall, in the course of time and in rigid keeping with a Hammurabian principle of justice, have things stuck up his (Goldman on karma); also the most memorable title: When a Lingam is Just a Good Cigar (Doniger on sexual fantasies). Ashis Nandy, Collins and Desai make no significant contribution and Caldwell's radioactive reading of the Keralan Bhagawati dance is a diminishment.

Part Six has Roland's analysis of Shakuntala (young Bombay girl fractured by several dreadful claims on her soul); and B.K. Ramanujam's analysis of Dhannaram, a north Indian villager, at the end of which were richly uncertain whether hes been set free from his anxieties because he's accepted the findings of analysis, or because he's reconfigured his highly charged Hindu self-image. The whole book is then masterfully summed up by Kripal who subsumes all intercultural encounters into four, slightly overschematic, configurations.

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Gems, then, mostly; but for all its elegant delights the book has its defects. Not enough attention is paid to history, nor to the overwrought and sexually charged brother-sister relationships or cousin-incest in joint-family situations. More seriously, Hinduism (contra some forceful suggestions by Obeyesekere) often becomes cognate with India. Two, there's no List of Contributors: a crucial and puzzling exclusion; one would not know from reading this book that Ramanujan is primarily a linguist, or that Masson is both a Sanskritist and formerly keeper of the Freud Archives who has written extensively on both Central Asian Sanskrit and the emotional life of dogs. The hugest dereliction, however, is the absence of Harold Bloom's incandescent suggestion that Freud is a late event in European shamanism: it's as a shaman (self-healed soul-healer) that he can be compared, fruitfully, to Indian shamans: the reductive aspects of his psychology bear point-by-point comparison to, lets say, Buddhist meditational grids. One can analogise Hinduism and Freudianism as two systems of thought, then, or allow one to supplement the other rather than aiming at joint dissonance. Bearing this in mind, the most charming admonition comes from Shakuntala: ...meditation is better than psychoanalysis...but best of all is meditation and psychoanalysis...'.

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