Bhagwati implies that the early economist-statesmen failed completely. Did they? After all, P.C. Mahalanobis—child of the "Bengali renaissance," physicist, statistician extraordinary, literary critic and amateur architect, as Terence J. Byres describes him in The Indian Economy—creator of the Mahalanobis model and founder of the Indian Statistical Institute is surely not so irrelevant as to be brushed aside by '90s free-marketeer disdain. The same may be said for K.N. Raj, author of the First Plan, a man "remarkable for his incisiveness, range and originality," or Sukhamoy Chakravarty, described by Amartya Sen as a man of "astonishing intellectual power", the "quintessential insider" who advised governments from Indira Gandhi to V.P. Singh.