Today they can aspire to the highest political office. There is an openly gay prime minister in Europe, and a lesbian one. Xavier Bettel, Luxembourg’s PM, is in his second term in office. Serbia’s Ana Brnabić is the first lesbian and first woman PM, and has been in office since 2017. President Joe Biden appointed the first gay Cabinet minister in Pete Buttigieg, the US transportation secretary. The US State Department spokesperson Ned Price is also gay. Then, of course, there is Apple CEO Tim Cook. There is celebrity talk-show host Ellen DeGeneres and CNN anchor Anderson Cooper (son of heiress Gloria Vanderbilt), who also has a two-year-old son. Same-sex marriages, property rights and all other civil rights that were once denied are no longer out of reach. Children of gay couples can inherit property and become their legal heirs.
With Rise Of Right-wing, LGBT Rights May Cease To Exist In Many Parts Of The World
Across the world, countries have begun to recognise and legally protect universal laws for the LGBT community. But there is a lurking fear that many of the hard-fought rights could get rescinded.
Western Europe is the most progressive in granting protection and rights to the LGBT community. While 32 countries across the world recognise same-sex marriage as well as rights of adoption for lesbian and gay couples, 19 of these are in Europe. Another 11 European nations have legalised civil unions between same-sex couples. Like France, the UK also legitimised same-sex marriage in 2013. Adoption is also legal for such couples.
Here is the other reality. Eric Lembembe lived in Yaounde, the capital of Cameroon, a central African nation. He was a leading journalist and gay activist, and was affectionately nicknamed Princess Erica by his friends for his fashionable clothes and sense of style. On a Saturday, when Lembembe did not turn up for an office meeting, his colleagues were surprised. He was an ace reporter and was passionate about his work. He hardly ever missed work meets. Friends began calling, only to find that he did not pick up his mobile.
Skipping work without informing the office was not the kind of thing expected from Lembembe. On Monday, when there was still no sign of Lembembe, a number of his friends went over to his apartment. The front door was locked, but through a window they saw his lifeless body. It was July 15, 2013. They broke open the front door and got to him. But it was too late. He had been tortured and killed. His neck and legs were broken and there were signs that a hot iron was run over his body by his torturers, who wanted to send a strong message to the gay community. He was murdered because he was openly gay and proud of it. “Probably no one was even questioned. Absolutely no progress has been made,” Drissa Traore, deputy head of the Federation for Human Rights in Cameroon said at the time. Many people felt he deserved to die because he was a gay.
But this hate and persecution of gays is not confined to Cameroon. It is spread across African countries, including Nigeria, Kenya and Ghana. On April 17, 2022, Sheila Adhiambo Lumumba, a 25-year-old lesbian was found murdered in Karatina in Kenya. She had been missing for several days before her body was found. The autopsy showed that Lumumba had been raped, strangled and stabbed on the neck, and her legs were broken. In Africa, much of this hate is alleged to have been propagated by the church. Same-sex love is also seen as an abomination in Islam.
In ancient cultures, gays, lesbians and transgenders were accepted as part of the society. Native Americans, North Africans and Pacific Islanders accepted “Two-Spirit” people as a part of the society. Two-Spirit is a term for homosexuals and transgenders. They were highly respected members, conducted rituals and acted as high priests of the animistic religions of Pacific islanders. It is only when organised religions arrived in Africa on the coat-tails of Christian missionaries that same-sex love started being regarded as going against natural laws and associated with the devil.
When the Europeans arrived on the scene with the aim of civilising the natives, they were scandalised by the easy acceptance of “unnatural gender attractions”. Any deviation from the understanding of “masculine” and “feminine” roles was regarded as criminal conduct, liable to be punished. The first known case of punishing a man for sodomy in America was in 1566, when Spanish conquerors executed a Frenchman in Florida for what the Catholic Church regarded as deviation from the norm.
The same pattern was followed in Asia. Before the Spanish occupation of the Philippines, homosexuals were respected as healers and mediators in the society, on a par with the nobility. Many were spiritual leaders. However, all this underwent a drastic change when, under the influence of the new rulers, the country converted to Christianity, mostly Catholic. Once the Philippines came under the influence of the church, homosexuals were frowned upon and are persecuted to this day.
This kind of intolerance continues in several countries across the world. Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran, homosexuals have been under attack. Sexual activity among gays and lesbians is strictly forbidden and liable to be punished by imprisonment and, in rare cases, even execution. Soon after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, some 20 homosexuals were executed. Transgenders in Iran are encouraged to go for sex-change surgeries partially financed by the government. After Thailand, the largest number of sex-change operations in the world are carried out in Iran, as the government encourages transgenders to opt for one gender or the other.
Like in Iran, same-sex relationships are illegal in several Muslim countries, including Kuwait, Egypt, Oman and Syria. People are thrown into prison for indulging in same-sex relationships. It carries a death sentence in Iran, Saudi Arabia and the UAE. In Afghanistan, too, the LGBT community has a tough time and lacks legal protection. Since the Taliban takeover, they are being hounded and persecuted. Even before the Taliban, gay men could be thrown into prison for two years for conducting “illicit” relations. Similarly, Pakistan does not have laws protecting the LGBT community.
In Western Europe, Malta, Belgium and Luxembourg have the best legal and political rights for LGBTs. While Western Europe has embraced the LGBT community, East European countries are extremely intolerant. Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine recognise marriage only between man and woman. Only Croatia and Hungary recognise same-sex partnerships.
In 34 African countries, homosexuality is outlawed. However, South Africa is much ahead of the rest of the continent and has allowed same-sex marriages since 2006.
So while in large parts of the US and Western Europe, the LGBT community is being accepted and their civil rights protected, there is the lurking fear in America that many of these hard-fought rights could get rescinded. The nervousness stems from the Supreme Court decision to overturn the Roe v. Wade judgment, which had established the constitutional right to abortion since 1973. Currently, nine justices make up the full bench of the US Supreme Court, with conservative judges in the majority since former President Donald Trump utilised the opportunity to appoint three justices during his tenure. This has led to fears that as in the case of abortion, the US Supreme Court could also overturn the landmark 2015 ruling, allowing same-sex marriage in the Obergefell v. Hodges case.
In fact, while supporting the overturning of abortion rights, conservative Justice Clarence Thomas had added in his judgment that it was now time to relook at the constitutional right for gays and lesbians to have sex and marry one another. According to Justice Thomas, the courts should reconsider that decision. Many Republican lawmakers would also love to see a ban on same-sex marriage.
First on the line to advocate throwing out the 2015 judgment is Ted Cruz, a presidential hopeful for 2024—in case Trump does not run again. “Obergefell v. Hodges, like Roe v. Wade, ignored two centuries of our nation’s history. Marriage was always an issue that was left to the states,” Cruz said after the Roe v. Wade judgment, adding, “I think the decision was clearly wrong when it was decided. It was the court overreaching.” The right-wing Christian lobby, which makes up a significant part of the Republican Party’s core support base, will clearly advocate dismissing same-sex marriage, as the Bible only recognises the union of man and woman.
A recent survey by the nonpartisan National Conference of State Legislatures, done for PolitiFact, showed that if the Supreme Court decides to throw out Obergefell v. Hodges, at least 25 states would ban same-sex unions, including Alabama, Arkansas, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina and Tennessee.
There is no move yet to overturn the 2015 judgment, but nothing can be ruled out, as conservative Republican supporters smell blood since their “victory” in the Roe v. Wade case on abortion rights. If that happens, it will be a heavy blow to the LGBT community across the world.
As a global superpower, the US often sets the agenda for the rest of the world to follow. If same-sex marriage laws are scrapped by the American Supreme Court, it will give governments that are being pushed to recognise LGBT rights in different parts of the world, an opportunity to stall the granting of legal protection to the community.
(This appeared in the print edition as "A Fragile Progress")