Unlike the Tibet Policy Act of 2002, the new act is substantially more comprehensive and assertive.
After weeks of intense negotiations between Democrats and Republicans and uncertainty over President Donald Trump's signature on the massive spending bill, the President finally signed into law The Consolidated Appropriations Act 2021 on December 27, 2020. With a $2.3 trillion spending package, this bill is considered to be the largest spending bill, and the longest bill (5593 pages) ever passed by Congress.
Among other issues, this bill contains the "Tibet Policy and Support Act of 2020". Unlike the Tibet Policy Act of 2002, the new act is substantially more comprehensive and assertive. For instance, section 13 of the Tibet Policy Act 2002 has a clause that reads:
"The Secretary of State shall make best efforts to establish a branch office in Lhasa, Tibet, of the United States Consulate General in Chengdu, People's Republic of China, to monitor political, economic, and cultural developments in Tibet."
In the Tibet Policy and Support Act of 2020, this demand is coupled with the policy statement that read:
"The Secretary may not authorize the establishment in the United States of any additional consulate of the People's Republic of China until a United States consulate in Lhasa, Tibet, is established under subsection."
For Tibetans worldwide, under the leadership of the Central Tibetan Administration (Tibetan government-in-exile) and the blessing of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, this historical act is a matter of great joy and pride. In fact, “Tibet” has been mentioned 130 times in these 5,593 pages long bill. No other country, except China (131 times), have been mentioned more. Other related issues, such as Uyghurs and Hong Kong, have been mentioned only 1 and 25 times, respectively.
One of the most significant insertions in the new Act of 2020 is an issue relating to the "succession or reincarnation" of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. The act categorically stated that:
"Decisions regarding the selection, education, and veneration of Tibetan Buddhist religious leaders are exclusively spiritual matters that should be made by the appropriate religious authorities within the Tibetan Buddhist tradition and in the context of the will of practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism" and "the wishes of the 14th Dalai Lama, including any written instructions, should play a key role in the selection, education, and veneration of a future 15th Dalai Lama; and interference by the Government of the People's Republic of China or any other government in the process of recognizing a successor or reincarnation of the 14th Dalai Lama and any future Dalai Lamas would represent a clear abuse of the right to religious freedom of Tibetan people."
The act further stated that any Chinese official who directly interfered with identifying future Dalai Lama would be sanctioned.
The act also applauded the Tibetan exile community for the practice of democracy in exile. It acknowledged the Central Tibetan Administration and Sikyong (President) as the representatives “to the greeted extent” of the aspiration of the "Tibetan diaspora" around the world. Another significant insertion to the act is section 343, i.e., Policy regarding the environment and water resources on the Tibetan Plateau. The act stated that the US would encourage a regional framework on water security among riparian countries.
The importance of Tibet for India
Throughout the recorded history of Tibet, no other civilization or country has been more grateful for Tibet than India. His Holiness the Dalai Lama, upon whom the hopes of six million Tibetans rest, often identifies himself as a "Son of India". Just like any Indian, Tibetans too will celebrate if India occupies a more prominent role on the international stage as it deserves. The biggest obstacle for India's more prominent role on the international stage, such as becoming a permanent member UN Security Council, is accelerating China's aggression. The continued Chinese aggression on the Indian border region of Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh has become too costly both in terms of human casualties and fiscal burden. In one of my empirical analyses, I have shown that from 1954-2019, the continued Chinese occupation of Tibet cost the Indian tax-payer US$ 462.8 billion (without any adjustment to inflation and exchange rate fluctuation), i.e., about US$ 7.16 billion annually.
It is now high time that India should also adopt a more assertive stand on the Tibet issue in dealing with China. One strategy is to adopt India's version of Tibet policy similar to the Tibet Policy and Support Act of 2020 of the US. India currently has an executive policy (not a law) on Tibetans in India called "Tibetan Rehabilitation Policy 2014." While this policy was a significant development for Tibetans' welfare in India, it is devoid of any substantive relevance on core issues of Tibet, i.e., destructive Chinese policies in Tibet and Tibetans' demand for freedom in Tibet.
In terms of relevance, the issues addressed in the US government's act, such as reincarnation of the His Holiness the Dalai Lama and environment and water resources on the Tibetan Plateau, have a far more direct implication on India than the US. Just like Tibetans, millions of Indian, particularly in states like Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, and Arunachal worship His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Similarly, on the Tibetan plateau's water resources, as mentioned in the Tibet Policy and Support Act of 2020, rivers from Tibet supply fresh water to an estimated 1.8 billion people. Almost half of the water (48 per cent) that flows from the Tibetan plateau runs directly into India. Without a more assertive policy framework from India, China's status as upper riparian and absolute control over these rivers not only gives China a chokehold on India's economy but could cost the catastrophic loss of countless human lives.
It is high time that India should take a firm stand to deal with China by adopting a more assertive policy framework regarding Tibet or by affirming the illegal nature of the Chinese occupation of Tibet and recognizing Tibet as an occupied territory. Ultimately, Tibet's freedom is India's best long-term security.
(The author is a Fellow at Columbia Population Research Center and Social Policy doctoral candidate at Columbia University. He is the author of the book “Exile Tibetan community: Problems and Prospects”, published by Library of Tibetans Works and Archives, Dharamshala, Himachal, India)