The Budget’s limited paragraphs on Indian Railways (IR) are sufficient indicators of important changes on the anvil. The all-time-high investment of Rs 146,500 crore in IR, projected for 2018-19, is financed by substantial commercial borrowing of Rs 54,940 crore (37.5 per cent). This is double the sum of Rs 25,744 crore which was borrowed in 2016-17 and which came to 23 per cent of planned spending. This change must be evaluated against several critical trends that face IR today.