To counter the ‘wasteland’ narrative and arrest the continuous decline of dry grassland ecosystems Vanak joined hands with M.D. Madhusudan, wildlife biologist and first Obaid Siddiqi Chair in the History and Culture of Science at the Archives, National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) to map the distribution and extent of ‘Open Natural Ecosystems’ (ONE) within India’s semi-arid zones. In July, the scientist duo published the open-source science paper—mapping the distribution and extent of India’s semi-arid open natural ecosystems, revealing how 300,000 square km (this is around 10 per cent compared to India’s overall grassland cover, estimated at 24 per cent of the land area) feature prominently, not among areas prioritised for biodiversity conservation, but rather, in the government’s Wasteland Atlas. “We find that less than five per cent of ONEs are covered under the existing protected area network (national parks or wildlife sanctuaries) of India. But we hope that this open data source is used by policymakers and planners to exclude these habitats when considering the location of renewable energy projects, tree planting projects for carbon sequestration, and other development projects that negatively impact ONEs. These ONEs host amongst the highest densities and diversity of large mammalian fauna. In addition, this ecosystem supports the lives and livelihoods of millions of indigenous pastoralists and their livestock.” According to Pastoralism in India: A Scoping Study, carried out jointly by the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, and the League for Pastoral Peoples, Germany, pastoralism makes a significant contribution to the economy of developing countries, both in terms of providing employment and income opportunities and in supplying nutrition to the rural poor; however, as an economic system it is constantly threatened by government policies. Several ecologists reiterate that it is imperative to recognise the ecological, hydrological, economic and sociological role of grasslands as a source of survival for millions of livestock and rural people, as protectors of soil and water, of rare wildlife species (like wolf) and in biodiversity conservation in general. “It is a matter of grave concern that most of the grasslands in the subcontinent are degrading rapidly due to the lack of proper management, with far-reaching consequences, including loss of biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being,” writes professor emeritus J.S. Singh of Benaras Hindu University in his foreword to Ecology and Management of Grasslands and Habitats in India published by ENVIS, Wildlife Institute Of India (2015).