Mr Kumar played a key role in Niti Aayog's policymaking, with a focus on agriculture, asset monetisation, disinvestment, aspirational districts programme and electric vehicles, among others. Kumar holds a DPhil in economics from Oxford University and a PhD from Lucknow University. He was also a senior fellow at the Centre for Policy Research (CPR). He earlier served on the central boards of State Bank of India for two terms and on the central board of the RBI.
A column written by Rajiv Kumar appeared in the Hindi daily, Dainik Jagran, in August 2017 after he was named NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman. According to Indian Express, Kumar had called out the foreign influence on Indian policy-making by Indian-American economists and alleged that it was fading at the time with the resignations of Raghuram Rajan as RBI Governor and Panagariya as NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman. He further added that following the 1991 liberalisation, the love for foreign goods declined yet, it took a long time for the country’s policy-making establishment to get rid of the “Macaulayist mentality”.